List of SSH commands

[NIM]

Collecte from various resources:

cd/home/mydomain/public_html/

cd/homeCtrl + C - End current command

tar -cpzf filename.tar.gz - Tar the current directory

Replace "filename" with an appropriate name.

tar -xzf xoops.tar.gz - Untar a file

Replace "filename" with the file's name.

wget http://www.website.com/file.tar.gz - Download a file to the server

Replace "http://www.website.com/file.tar.gz" with the location to the file.

cd /home/username - Navigate into a directory on the server (~ Navigate to your home directory, you can use "~" as part of the path: cd ~/public_html.

Replace "/home/username" with the appropriate directory.

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SSH Commands - List

>>>> PLEASE CONTINUE TO ADD TO THIS LIST <<<<<

Here are a few commands that may be of interest to someone. Handy to print and save.

If you have more, please add.

ls Displays everything in the current directory

ls -a Displays all files, including hidden

ls -l Displays all files, along with the size and timestamp

tar -zxpf <file.tar.gz> Uncompresses tar.gz files

tar -xpf <file.tar.gz> Uncompresses .tar files

gunzip <file> Uncompresses .gz files

cp <file> Copies a file to a new file

mv <file> Moves a file to a new file, or rename

mkdir <dir> Creates a directory

rmdir <dir> Deletes a directory

rm <file> Deletes a file

rm -rf <dir> Deletes a directory

cd <dir> Moves to a directory

cd .. Moves to a lower directory

cd ~ Moves to your home directory

cd - Moves to the previous directory

pwd Displays the current directory

pico <file> Edits a file

ftp <site> Connect to a FTP server

lynx <site> View a webpage

df Displays the hard drive stats

quota Displays your quota

uptime Displays the uptime of the server

uname -a Displays the operating system stats

whoami Displays your info

who Displays others connected to the server

last Displays the last login

whereis <file> Tells where a file is located

BitchX IRC Client

mail Check your email

ps -x Displays processes your running

ps -a Displays all processes running

ps -ux Displays running processes, with CPU/Memory usage

kill <pid> Kills a process

kill -9 <pid> Kills an eggdrop process

killall <program> Kills all running process of the same type

whatis <command> Description of commands

man <command> Displays help on the command

nano Same as Pico

Top - gives an overall view of what is going on with the server including memory usage, serve load and running processes "q" to exit top

sar -q gives a report of the process list, 1 minute and 5 minute average load every 10 minutes since midnight server time

tar -zcf filename.tar.gz file

Tars up the file or directory of your choice, replace filename.tar.gz with the name you want your tar file to have...with the tar.gz extension on the end and replace file with the file or directory you want to tar up. Can also use a path/to/file for both.

updatedb - Updates the locate/search DB.

netstat -n -p

Useful to see who is connected to your server, this also resolves hostnames to IP addresses and the -p switch shows you what each person connected is doing and provides a PID for it if there is one... useful if you need to kill something

find / -user username

Replace username with a username of one of your account to find all the files that belong to them. Also useful to add the |more switch so you can scroll one screen at a time. Ever have a client who seems to show a lot more files than are actually in their home directory? This is how you find those files and fix them. Common problem is cpmove files that don't get properly deleted and get added to a users account.

/scripts/pkgacct2 username

Replace username with a user on your system. This should be done from the home directory. Useful for manually backing up an account if whm copy account doesn't work. Then just move (mv) the file to a home directory accessible via the web and

chown user.user filename

and chmod to 750 or 755 and you can wget it from a different server if need be.

/scripts/restorepkg username

Once you've got the file and need to unpack it you use this command. The file should be in the /home directory to use this though. Remember folks.... username.... not cpmove-username.tar.gz

crontab -e

edit the crontab file and see what is set to run in there.

--help

Such as tar --help, similar to man it digs up info on any given command.

tail -10 filename

gives you the last 10 lines of a file. Can change the # to whatever you want.

Couple of Brians now

cp -R fileordirectory path/to/destination.

the -R allows you to copy an entire directory to somewhere else.

kill -9

not just for eggdrops... it's called a "hard kill" and handy for killing off any stubborn process that refuses to die.

whereis

can also use locate or find (although locate is faster)

killall

not just for killing programs.. you can also killall <user> to kill all processes being run by a user. Handy if you have an abuser eating up system resources.

RESTART SERVICES:

service (service name) restart

Stop a service:

service (service name) stop

Start a service:

service (service name) start

Status (doesn't work on all):

service (service name) status

On a RedHat CPanel server, here are the useful services:

bandmin

chkservd

cpanel

crond

exim

httpd

mysql

named

proftpd

CRON INFO:

Root crontab:

crontab -e

To edit a users cron jobs

crontab -u username -e

Replace username with the actual username of the client you want to edit.

Regards,

Brian

More Commands

/scripts/adddns Add a Dns Entry

/scripts/addfpmail Install Frontpage Mail Exts

/scripts/addservlets Add JavaServlets to an account (jsp plugin required)

/scripts/adduser Add a User

/scripts/admin Run WHM Lite

/scripts/apachelimits Add Rlimits (cpu and mem limits) to apache.

/scripts/dnstransfer Resync with a master DNS Server

/scripts/editquota Edit A User's Quota

/scripts/finddev Search For Trojans in /dev

/scripts/findtrojans Locate Trojan Horses

Suggest Usage

/scripts/findtrojans < /var/log/trojans

/scripts/fixtrojans < /var/log/trojans

/scripts/fixcartwithsuexec Make Interchange work with suexec

/scripts/fixinterchange Fix Most Problems with Interchange

/scripts/fixtrojans Run on a trojans horse file created by findtrojans to remove them

/scripts/fixwebalizer Run this if a user's stats stop working

/scripts/fixvaliases Fix a broken valias file

/scripts/hdparamify Turn on DMA and 32bit IDE hard drive access (once per boot)

/scripts/initquotas Re-scan quotas. Usually fixes Disk space display problems

/scripts/initsuexec Turn on SUEXEC (probably a bad idea)

/scripts/installzendopt Fetch + Install Zend Optimizer

/scripts/ipusage Display Ipusage Report

/scripts/killacct Terminate an Account

/scripts/killbadrpms Delete \"Security Problem Infested RPMS\"

/scripts/mailperm Fix Various Mail Permission Problems

/scripts/mailtroubleshoot Attempt to Troubleshoot a Mail Problem

/scripts/mysqlpasswd Change a Mysql Password

/scripts/quicksecure Kill Potential Security Problem Services

/scripts/rebuildippool Rebuild Ip Address Pool

/scripts/remdefssl Delete Nasty SSL entry in apache default httpd.conf

/scripts/restartsrv Restart a Service (valid services: httpd,proftpd,exim,sshd,cppop,bind,mysql )

/scripts/rpmup Syncup Security Updates from RedHat/Mandrake

/scripts/runlogsnow Force a webalizer/analog update.

/scripts/secureit Remove non-important suid binaries

/scripts/setupfp4 Install Frontpage 4+ on an account.

/scripts/simpleps Return a Simple process list. Useful for finding where cgi scripts are running from.

/scripts/suspendacct Suspend an account

/scripts/sysup Syncup Cpanel RPM Updates

/scripts/ulimitnamed RH 6 only. Install a version of bind to handle many many zones.

/scripts/unblockip Unblock an IP

/scripts/unsuspendacct UnSuspend an account

/scripts/upcp Update Cpanel

/scripts/updatenow Update /scripts

/scripts/wwwacct Create a New Account

***

NEW

Block IP With IP Tables:

iptables -I INPUT -s 111.111.111.111 -j DROP

List blocked IP's in IP Tables:

iptables -L

Unblock IP in IP Tables:

iptables -D INPUT "Line # "

FOr the one above you just count how many lines from the top the address is you want to unblock. You put that number in the place of "Line # " You do not use quotes also.

vpsstat -s Shows your resource usage.

***

Laters

More.....

alias:Allows you to set aliases and view the current aliases.

awk:Search for a pattern within a file.

alien:Converts .tgz and rpm's to .deb format.

banner:Prints characters as a poster.

badblocks:Searches a device for bad blocks.

biff:Turns mail notification on and off.

bg:Used to move a job running in the foreground to the background.

bzip2:Used to compress and decompress files. Similar to gzip.

cardctl:Used to control PCMCIA cards.

cfdisk:Used to partition a hard disk.

chattr:Changes the attributes of a file or folder.

chroot:Change the root directory for a command.

chmod:Used to change permissions on a directory or file.

chown: Used to change the owner of a file or directory.

chgrp:Used to change the group a file belongs to.

clear:Clears the screen

cpio:Copies file archives from or to disks or tapes. Used for backing up.

catisplays the content of a file

chpasswd:Used to change a large number of passwords at once.

cd:Changes directories.

chage:Sets password aging parameters.

calisplays a calendar.

cron:Used to execute commands at a certain time.

crontab:Allows you to view or edit the current cron jobs.

dselect:A graphical front end for dpkg.

dpkg:Installs packages on debain distro's.

date:Prints current date to the screen

du:Lists disk usage in a directory.

df:Reports disk usage information. df -h will show you how much used/free space you have remaining in megabytes.

dmesg:Used to view the kernel boot file.

dump:Used for backing up.

edquota:Sets quotas for specific users.

env:Lists current environment variables.

fdisk:Used to create/edit/delete partitions.

fsck:Checks a file system for consistency.

fg:Used to send jobs to the background.

fuser:Checks to see what processes and users have open files.

free:Will show total memory, used memory, and free memory. -m will show it in megabytes instead of kilobytes

gcc:Used to compile C, Assembler, and Preprocessed C source files.

gpasswd:Used to set a password for a group.

grep:Used to search through a file for a specified pattern.

getty:Set terminal type, modes, speed, and line discipline

groupadd:Create new group account.

groupdel: Deletes a group.

groupmod:Used to modify a group.

groups:Shows what groups a user is part of.

gunzip:Uncompress files compressed by gzip.

head: Displays the first 10 lines of a file to the screen.

hdparm:Gets disk information.

history:Lists recently executed commands.

host:Used to get DNS info.

htpasswd:Allows you to set usernames and passwords for your websever.

id: Display information about yourself or another user.

insmod:Installs modules. To install a module, you would specify the path to the module.

init:Used to change run levels.

isapnp:Sets up ISA cards according to info found in the isapnp.conf file.

icmpinfo:Intercept and interpret ICMP packets

jobs:Used to show jobs running in the background.

join:Join lines of two sorted files by matching on a common field.

kill:Used to kill a process.

killall:Kill processes by command name.

kernelcfg:A graphical application that allows you to configure the kernel in X.

klogd:Control which kernel messages are displayed on the console; prioritize all messages, and log them through syslogd.

linuxconf:A command line GUI which lets you configure your linux box.

lpc:Used to control a line printer.

lpq:View the print spool queue.

lpr:Send files to the printer spool queue.

ln:Used to create hard and symbolic links.

less: Display the contents of a file

locate:Search for a file or directory (uses the locate database)

ldd:Shows what shared libraries a program is dependent on.

ldconfig:Used to configure/view shared libraries.

last:Lists logins and reboots.

lastlog:Print the last login times for system accounts.

lsmod:Lists loaded modules.

lsattr:Lists the attributes for a file or folder.

logrotate:Used to manipulate log files.

mount:Used by itself, reports the currently mounted files.

modinfo:Give info about the module.

modprobe:Queries modules.

man: Displays the Man page for a given command. Use it to find out more about a command such as syntx, arguments, and options. Example : man chmod

mesg:Used to allow/not allow 'write' messages to your terminal.

manpath:Attempts to determine the path to a man page.

mail:Used to send and receive mail.

mkdir:Make directory

mke2fs:Used to format a partition with the Ext2 file system.

merge:Merge multiple files together.

more:Lets you page through text one screen full at a time.

minicom:Great utility for troublshooting a modem.

mkbootdisk:Used to make a boot disk.

ntsysv:Used to select what services should automatically start.

nice:Used to set process priorities.

nslookup:Used to get DNS info from name servers.

netstat:Shows active sockets, print the protocol, the number of bytes waiting to be received, the number of bytes to be sent, the port number, the remote address and port, and the state of the socket.

ps: Displays current processes

ping:Used to test connectivity between two hosts.

pwconv:Used to set up the /etc/shadow file.

pnpdumpetermines settings for existing ISA cards.

quota:Allows users to view their own disk quotas.

quotaon:Turns on disk quotas for the system.

quotaoff:Turns off disk quotas for the system.

repquota:Provides reports of disk usage for various users.

rmmod:Removes modules. Just specify the name of the module you want removed like this- rmmod joystick

rpm: RedHat flavors only)Used to install RPM's

rpcinfo:Used to see what rpc services are available on the machine.

route:Used to view/change routes between you and other hosts.

smbclient:Used to connect to Windows shares or Samba shares on a linux machine.

smbadduser:Maps linux user names to Windows NT user names.

smbpasswd:Used to update the smbpasswd file with new accounts.

set:Used to read and write variables.

setquota:Used to set disk quotas.

sort:Sorts lines in a file by alphabetical order.

sndconfig:Used to probe and configure a sound card.

su:Change to Super User (root).

spell:Checks for spelling errors in a file.

startx:Start the X Server (GUI)

shutdown:Shutdown machine

suspend:Places a shell in the background.

showmount:Shows mount information for an NFS server.

swapon:Turns on the swapfile.

swapoff:Turns off the swapfile.

testparm:Used to troubleshoot Samba.

tar:Used to compress multiple files/directories into one file. Also used to "untar".

timeconfig:Used to set the timezone on your machine.

tac:View a file from the last line up.

touch:Creates an empty file or updates access time for an existing file.

tail: Displays the last 10 lines of a file to the screen.

talk:Used to chat with another user on the same machine.

tr:Converts one set of characters to another.

traceroute:Used to track the path a packet takes to a host.

top:Shows information about the most CPU-intensive processes.

useradd:Add a user.

usermod:Modify a user.

userdel: Delete a user.

umount:Removes a device from the filesystem.

updatedb:Updates the locate database (locate database will update automatically every sooften. This will force an update. You sometimes want to update the database manually after installing or moving software).

uname: Determines OS name, version and machine name.

vmstat:Lists information on memory usage.

vi:A text editor

whereis:Finds documentation files, source, and binary for a command.

who:Tells you who is logged into your server.

whoami:Tells you your user information.

wc:Print the number of bytes, words, and lines in files

which:Finds the full path for a command.

write:Used to send a message to another user on the same machine.

whois:Used to query servers for info on domains and IP addresses.

wall:Writes a message to all logged in users.

xman:Graphical interface for man pages.

xf86config:Used to configure X.

zcat:Read files that have been compressed with gzip.

pwd:shows what your current directory is - giving the full path.

ls: Displays a directories contents.

ls -al:lists filenames + information.

ls -alR:lists filenames + information in all subdirectories.

ls -alR | more:lists filenames + information in all subdirectories, pausing : when the screen become full.

ls *.html:lists all files ending with .html.

ls -d */:lists all directories within current directory.

rm [filename]:delete a file.

rm *:delete all files in your current directory.

rm *.html:delete all files ending in .html in your current directory.

ls -alR > result.txt:lists filenames + information in all subdirectories, and ouputs the results to a file instead of the screen.

ls -al /home/usr/bob/:lists files + info for /home/usr/bob.

mkdir [directoryname]:creates a new directory.

rmdir [directoryname]:remove a directory if it is empty.

rm -r [directoryname]:remove a directory and all files in it.

mv [old name] [new name]:move/rename a file.

cp [filename] [new filename]:copy a file.

find / -name [filename] -print:search the whole server for a file.

find . -name [filename] -print:search for a file starting with the current directory.

sed s/[oldtext]/[newtext]/g [filename]:searches file and replaces all occurances of [oldtext] with [newtext].

cp -r [directoryname] [new directoryname]:copy a directory and all files/directories in it.

find / -name [directoryname] - type d -print:search the whole server for a direcory.

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mysql -u[username] -p[Password] [Database Name] < filename.sql - Dump a SQL file into a MySQL database. Note the "<".

Replace "[username]" with the database username (generally controlpaneluser_databaseuser). Replace "[Password]" with the database password and replace "[Database Name]" with the database name. Finally change "filename.sql" to the correct filename/location.

mysql -u[username] -p[Password] [Database Name] > filename.sql - Dump a MySQL database to a SQL file. Note the ">".

Replace "[username]" with the database username (generally controlpaneluser_databaseuser). Replace "[Password]" with the database password and replace "[Database Name]" with the database name. Finally change "filename.sql" to the correct filename/location.

ls - Directory listing

whereis function - The easiest way to find the actual path to perl, sendmail, etc

Replace "function" with the function name e.g. "sendmail".

rm - Remove/delete (use rm -r to delete recursive directories. Type "rm --help" for full help!)

mkdir directory_name - Make directory

Replace "directory_name" with the directory you want to create' name.

chmod - Change CHMOD settings

For example "chmod -c 777 file.txt" would change the CHMOD of file.txt to 777.

man command - view documentation on command

grep string file - search for string inside file

more file - display contents of file

cat file - display contents of file

ln -s real/path [link name] - create a symlink to a path

Replace "real/path" with the physical (real) path to the file. For example /home/user/downloads. Also replace "[link name]" with what you would like the symlink to be called. To remove the sym link use "rm [link name]".

chown username:usergroup file.txt - Change File Ownership/Group

Replace "username" with the username that is to become the new owner and "usergroup" respectively.

man (command) - shows help on a specific command

Replace "(command)" with the command you want help on e.g. "man pico".

pico (filename) - easy to use text editor to edit files

Replace "(filename)" with the filename to open e.g. "pico file.txt"

pine - easy to use mailer

more (file) - views a file, pausing every screen full

Replace "(file)" with the file name

passwd - change password

Example "passwd abc" would change your password to "abc"

du -ms /home/<username> - displays a summary of how man megs are used

Replace <username> etc. accordingly

tail -f /usr/local/apache/logs/error_log - view a listing or errors on the fly

cp -p /source /dest - copies file from source to destination (the -p flag retains permissions)

Replace "/source" with the source of the file and "/dest" with the appropriate destination of the file

Another possible resource that gets good reviews:

http://www.ucgbook.com/

I believe the default shell is bash.

To add to MrHerald's fine list, I believer you should be able to add --help to and of those commands to get additional parameters.

For example:

ls --help

that should give you some additional arguments for the list command.

I like to alternate between

ls -al

ls -a

For fun you can also checkout:

top

(press q to quit when done)

pwd

displays your location (print working directory)

cd

(this will return you to your home directory if all you type is "cd" and press enter)

touch

creates an empty file

[example] touch myfile.txt

uptime

displays the uptime

hostname

displays the network name of your server

finger

displays a list of the users logged into the host

who

I forget what this does

ps

displays your running processes

kill

to kill a hung process

(kill -9 to stop right away)

mysqldump

used to backup your mysql databases

[example backup]

mysqldump --add-drop-table -uYourUserName -pYourPassword YourDatabaseName > backup-file.sql

gzip

use for compressing files

[example]

gzip -9 filename

nice

used to set your process to different levels

[example]

nice -n 19 gzip mydatabase.sql

This will run the gzip process at the lowest priority on the host. I highly recommend using nice -n 19 whenever you have CPU intensive commands. Reason being is that it is polite to the other members on your server.